The privatization of research has not led to competition but consolidation. Pharmaceutical, food, chemical, cosmetics, energy and seed industries are combining to form giant life-sciences corporations. In 1998, the top ten companies in each industry controlled 32 per cent of the $23 billion seed industry, 35 per cent of the $297 billion pharmaceutical industry, 60 per cent of the $17 billion veterinary medicine, and 85 per cent of the $31 billion pesticide industry.

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